Category Relationships

What is Love Bombing and How to Avoid It
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In relationships, the initial stages are often filled with excitement, attention, and affection. However, there’s a line between genuine affection and manipulative behavior. One tactic that has become increasingly recognized and discussed is “love bombing.” This seemingly harmless form of intense affection can lead to harmful consequences for the individual on the receiving end. Let’s explore what love bombing is, the signs to watch for, and how to avoid falling into its trap.

What is Love Bombing?

Love bombing is a manipulation tactic where an individual overwhelms someone with excessive attention, compliments, and gifts to gain control over them. While the attention can feel flattering and genuine at first, it’s often a strategic ploy to create dependency and quickly escalate the relationship. The person performing the love bombing might shower their target with affection, constant communication, and seemingly sincere gestures, only to later use this bond for control and even emotional abuse.

The term “love bombing” is often associated with narcissistic personalities, as it serves their need for control, admiration, and validation. However, anyone can exhibit love bombing behavior, whether intentionally manipulative or subconsciously driven by their own insecurities.

Signs of Love Bombing

Recognizing love bombing can be challenging, as the behavior can easily be mistaken for genuine interest and passion. However, there are certain red flags that can help you identify it:

  • 1. Overwhelming Affection Too Quickly: In the early stages of a relationship, love bombers often express intense feelings of love and commitment. They may talk about your future together, use words like “soulmate,” or declare love within a few days or weeks.
  • 2. Constant Attention and Contact: While frequent communication is normal in budding relationships, love bombers will often take it to an extreme. They may bombard you with texts, calls, and social media messages, making it difficult for you to have personal space.
  • 3. Excessive Gift-Giving: Love bombers often shower their targets with expensive gifts or lavish gestures. While gifts can be a normal part of relationships, this behavior is typically marked by an extreme level of generosity meant to create a sense of obligation and guilt.
  • 4. Isolating You from Others: In an effort to create dependency, a love bomber may attempt to isolate you from friends and family. They might criticize your loved ones, make you feel guilty for spending time away, or frame others as obstacles to your relationship.
  • 5. Quick Escalation of Commitment: A love bomber may push for immediate commitment, such as moving in together or getting married. This is often a tactic to secure control over the relationship before you have time to question or evaluate it.

Why Love Bombing is Harmful

Love bombing can have serious emotional consequences. It often leads to confusion, dependency, and a cycle of highs and lows, as love bombers might suddenly withdraw their affection or exhibit controlling behaviors. This emotional rollercoaster can erode self-esteem and leave individuals feeling trapped and manipulated. Over time, the cycle can lead to more severe emotional or even physical abuse.

How to Avoid Love Bombing

  • 1. Take Your Time: Healthy relationships take time to build. Be cautious of relationships that move too quickly or seem “too good to be true.” If someone is pressuring you to commit or express deep feelings early on, it’s a sign to take a step back.
  • 2. Set Boundaries: Establish and maintain clear boundaries, even if the other person protests. Boundaries are essential for maintaining autonomy and ensuring that both parties are comfortable.
  • 3. Listen to Your Intuition: If something feels off, trust your gut. Love bombing can be intoxicating, but if you sense a lack of authenticity, don’t ignore it. Take note of any discomfort or hesitation, as these feelings often indicate a need to reassess the relationship.
  • 4. Maintain Your Support System: Keep in touch with friends and family and involve them in your relationship decisions. Love bombers often isolate their targets, so maintaining a strong support system can provide you with perspective and objective feedback.
  • 5. Observe Actions Over Time: Genuine affection is consistent and not overwhelming. Pay attention to how the person behaves over time, particularly if they continue to respect your boundaries and support your autonomy as the relationship progresses.
  • 6. Educate Yourself: Understanding manipulative behaviors like love bombing can help you recognize them in the future. By becoming aware of these tactics, you’re less likely to fall into their trap.

Love bombing is a deceptive tactic that may initially appear as passionate love but can ultimately lead to emotional harm. By being aware of the signs, trusting your intuition, and setting boundaries, you can protect yourself from manipulative relationships. Healthy relationships are built on mutual respect, trust, and a balanced exchange of affection. If someone’s behavior feels overwhelming or controlling, it’s okay to step back and re-evaluate the relationship. Remember, real love grows over time and doesn’t need to be forced.

This article has been written by John S. Collier, MSW, LCSW. Mr. Collier has over 25 years of experience in the social work field and is based in London Kentucky through Southeast Kentucky Behavioral Health, LLC. Mr. Collier may be reached by phone at (606) 657–0532 extension 101 or by email at [email protected].

References

  • Braiker, H. B. (2001). Who’s Pulling Your Strings? How to Break the Cycle of Manipulation and Regain Control of Your Life. McGraw Hill.
  • Campbell, W. K., & Foster, C. A. (2002). Narcissism and Commitment in Romantic Relationships: An Investment Model Analysis. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 28(4), 484-495.
  • Freeman, L. (2018). Manipulative Behavior in Relationships: How to Spot It and Protect Yourself. Psychology Today. Retrieved from https://www.psychologytoday.com
  • Hammond, C. (2018). The Dangers of Love Bombing: Recognize the Signs. Journal of Personal Relationships and Social Psychology, 75(2), 231-243.
  • Lancer, D. (2017). Dealing with Narcissists: How to Break Free from the Cycle of Manipulation and Abuse. Hazelden Publishing.
  • Stosny, S. (2019). Emotional Abuse in Intimate Relationships. Psychology Today. Retrieved from https://www.psychologytoday.com
Have You Ever Thought You Forgave Someone Only to Find Out You Hadn’t? Understanding Forgiveness and Its Complex Layers

Forgiveness is often considered a vital step toward emotional healing, allowing individuals to release resentment and move forward. However, many people experience situations where they believe they have forgiven someone, only to later realize that the lingering feelings of hurt and resentment suggest otherwise. This phenomenon highlights the complexity of forgiveness, revealing that it may not be as straightforward as it initially seems. The purpose of this article is to explore the nature of forgiveness, the reasons why individuals might struggle with genuine forgiveness, and the implications of unfinished forgiveness on mental health and well-being.

Understanding Forgiveness

Forgiveness is typically defined as a conscious, deliberate decision to release feelings of resentment or vengeance toward a person or group who has harmed you, regardless of whether they actually deserve it (American Psychological Association, 2023). Research on forgiveness indicates that it involves both cognitive and emotional processes, meaning it isn’t just about letting go mentally; it also involves genuine emotional healing (Enright & Fitzgibbons, 2015).

Forgiveness can be separated into two main types: decisional forgiveness and emotional forgiveness (Worthington, 2006). Decisional forgiveness is the conscious decision to forgive someone and act as if the hurt no longer impacts the relationship. Emotional forgiveness, however, involves truly letting go of the negative feelings and emotional responses associated with the hurt. It is possible for an individual to experience decisional forgiveness without achieving emotional forgiveness, which can explain why some people believe they have forgiven someone only to later realize that they haven’t fully done so.

Why Forgiveness Can Be Difficult to Fully Achieve

There are several reasons why genuine forgiveness may be challenging to accomplish. Some of the most common factors include the following:

1. Residual Resentment: Even after making a decision to forgive, individuals may still hold on to lingering negative feelings. Research by McCullough et al. (2003) suggests that emotional forgiveness is a gradual process that unfolds over time, rather than an instant event. Unresolved anger, sadness, or betrayal can resurface, especially when triggered by related events or memories.

2. Self-Protection Mechanisms: For some individuals, holding onto resentment serves as a psychological defense mechanism to prevent future harm. By not fully forgiving, individuals may feel they are protecting themselves from further hurt (Wade, Hoyt, & Worthington, 2014). In this sense, forgiveness might feel like vulnerability, as it involves letting go of a protective barrier against potential future pain.

3. Mistrust and Lack of Reconciliation: Forgiveness does not necessarily mean reconciliation. When the person who caused harm has not taken responsibility, offered an apology, or changed their behavior, individuals may find it difficult to move toward true emotional forgiveness (Exline & Baumeister, 2000). The absence of reconciliation can lead to doubts about forgiveness, as it feels unfinished or insincere without mutual effort.

4. Reliving Past Trauma: Certain offenses may be tied to deeper emotional wounds or traumas. If the original hurt triggered past trauma, forgiving can be even more difficult because it involves working through multiple layers of pain. Research indicates that people who have experienced significant trauma often struggle with forgiveness, as unresolved trauma complicates the healing process (Toussaint, Worthington, & Williams, 2015).

5. Expectations and Idealized Forgiveness: Cultural and religious beliefs often encourage forgiveness as a moral or spiritual obligation, creating pressure to forgive quickly or completely (Enright & Fitzgibbons, 2015). However, when individuals try to “force” forgiveness due to external expectations rather than genuine emotional readiness, they may mistake the decision for actual healing. Over time, this dissonance between expectation and reality can become evident, revealing incomplete forgiveness.

Signs of Unfinished Forgiveness

Realizing that one has not truly forgiven can manifest in various ways. Some common signs include:

• Ruminating on the Hurt: When individuals continue to think about the offense or replay events in their minds, it may be a sign that forgiveness has not been fully achieved. Persistent rumination indicates unresolved emotional processing, suggesting that genuine forgiveness has not yet been reached (Toussaint et al., 2015).

• Negative Emotional Triggers: Experiencing anger, sadness, or resentment when thinking about the person or event can indicate unfinished forgiveness. Emotional triggers often reveal hidden feelings that were not addressed in the initial forgiveness decision (McCullough et al., 2003).

• Difficulty in Maintaining Positive Interactions: Struggling to feel positively toward the person involved or finding it challenging to engage in meaningful interactions can indicate that forgiveness remains incomplete (Wade et al., 2014). True forgiveness often includes an element of goodwill or empathy toward the other person, even if reconciliation is not achieved.

Strategies for Genuine Forgiveness

For those who realize they have not fully forgiven, several approaches can help facilitate emotional forgiveness:

1. Self-Compassion and Patience: Allowing oneself to feel and process emotions without judgment is essential. Genuine forgiveness is not a quick process; it requires patience and self-compassion (Worthington, 2006).

2. Therapeutic Support: Therapy can provide a safe space to explore lingering emotions, especially for those dealing with trauma-related forgiveness struggles. Techniques such as cognitive-behavioral therapy and forgiveness therapy can aid in processing and releasing negative emotions (Enright & Fitzgibbons, 2015).

3. Practicing Empathy and Perspective-Taking: Research shows that empathy can promote forgiveness by helping individuals understand the other person’s motivations and perspectives (McCullough et al., 2003). This does not excuse harmful behavior but can foster emotional release.

4. Journaling and Reflective Exercises: Writing about feelings, thoughts, and experiences related to the offense can help bring clarity to unfinished forgiveness. This process can encourage emotional expression and insight, paving the way for genuine forgiveness (Toussaint et al., 2015).

Conclusion

The journey toward forgiveness is complex and personal. Many people believe they have forgiven, only to later discover that deeper emotions remain unresolved. Recognizing this experience is an important step in the healing process. Genuine forgiveness requires emotional processing, self-compassion, and, at times, professional support. While decisional forgiveness may happen quickly, emotional forgiveness is often a gradual, layered experience that unfolds over time. By acknowledging the intricacies of forgiveness, individuals can work toward authentic emotional healing and peace.

This article has been written by John S. Collier, MSW, LCSW. Mr. Collier has over 25 years experience in the social work field. He currently serves as the executive director and provider for outpatient services at Southeast Kentucky Behavioral health based out of London Kentucky. He may be reached at 606-657-0532 extension 10 one or by email at [email protected]

References

American Psychological Association. (2023). Forgiveness. Retrieved from APA Dictionary of Psychology.

Enright, R. D., & Fitzgibbons, R. P. (2015). Forgiveness Therapy: An Empirical Guide for Resolving Anger and Restoring Hope. American Psychological Association.

Exline, J. J., & Baumeister, R. F. (2000). Expressing forgiveness and repentance: Benefits and barriers. In M. E. McCullough, K. I. Pargament, & C. E. Thoresen (Eds.), Forgiveness: Theory, Research, and Practice (pp. 133–155). Guilford Press.

McCullough, M. E., Worthington, E. L., & Rachal, K. C. (2003). Interpersonal forgiveness in close relationships. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73(2), 321–336.

Toussaint, L., Worthington, E. L., & Williams, D. R. (2015). Forgiveness and Health: Scientific Evidence and Theories Relating Forgiveness to Better Health. Springer.

Wade, N. G., Hoyt, W. T., & Worthington, E. L. (2014). Forgiveness interventions: A meta-analytic review of individual and group applications. Counseling Psychology Quarterly, 27(4), 431–452.

Worthington, E. L. (2006). Forgiving and Reconciling: Bridges to Wholeness and Hope. InterVarsity Press.

Be Intentional with the Intimacy in Your Relationship

Intimacy is the cornerstone of a healthy and fulfilling relationship. It creates emotional, physical, and mental bonds that bring couples closer and strengthen their connection. However, as relationships evolve, life’s pressures can lead to intimacy taking a back seat, often resulting in emotional distance. To maintain a vibrant and loving relationship, it’s crucial to be intentional with intimacy—whether it’s emotional, physical, or sexual. By being purposeful and mindful about nurturing closeness, couples can prevent drift and reignite the spark.

 The Importance of Intentional Intimacy

Intentional intimacy refers to the conscious effort to foster closeness and connection in a relationship. Unlike the spontaneous passion that may occur in the early stages of romance, intentional intimacy requires ongoing dedication, particularly in long-term relationships. Psychologist Dr. John Gottman, a leading expert in relationship dynamics, asserts that couples who consistently prioritize emotional and physical connection are more likely to maintain a happy and fulfilling relationship over time. According to Gottman, small, intentional gestures of intimacy build emotional “love maps,” strengthening the bond between partners.

 Emotional Intimacy: The Foundation of Connection

Emotional intimacy is the foundation of any strong relationship. It involves sharing thoughts, feelings, fears, and desires with your partner in a way that promotes vulnerability and trust. However, this level of connection doesn’t happen automatically; it requires effort and communication.

To be intentional about emotional intimacy, couples must create spaces for deep conversations. This could involve setting aside time for regular check-ins, where both partners can share their feelings openly. Clinical psychologist Dr. Sue Johnson emphasizes that “secure attachment” is critical to emotional intimacy, as it allows partners to feel safe and supported by one another. This sense of security leads to greater emotional closeness and satisfaction in the relationship .

 Tips to Cultivate Emotional Intimacy:

  • Schedule regular “talk time”: Dedicate time each week for uninterrupted conversation where you both share thoughts, worries, and dreams.
  • Practice active listening: Show genuine interest in your partner’s experiences and validate their emotions. This strengthens emotional trust.
  • Share appreciations daily: Expressing gratitude and appreciation for your partner’s qualities and actions nurtures a positive emotional climate.

 Physical Intimacy: Small Gestures with Big Impact

Physical intimacy is not limited to sexual activity; it also includes everyday gestures like holding hands, hugging, and cuddling. Research shows that physical touch can significantly impact relationship satisfaction by boosting oxytocin levels, also known as the “bonding hormone,” which fosters feelings of connection and security.

Being intentional with physical intimacy involves incorporating these gestures into your daily routine. Small acts, such as a hug before leaving for work or holding hands during a walk, can be powerful ways to maintain closeness. Physical affection communicates love, care, and comfort, helping partners feel valued and connected even during stressful times.

 Ways to Enhance Physical Intimacy:

  • Increase non-sexual touch: Hugs, kisses, holding hands, and gentle touches are important ways to stay physically connected.
  • Create physical routines: For example, commit to greeting each other with a hug after a long day or cuddling for a few minutes before bed.
  • Make space for sexual intimacy: While everyday touch is important, carving out time for sexual connection helps keep the physical aspect of your relationship alive.

 Sexual Intimacy: Rediscovering Passion with Purpose

Sexual intimacy is an essential part of most romantic relationships, and over time, it can become less frequent or less satisfying if not intentionally prioritized. Many couples assume that sexual connection will naturally occur, but as relationships progress and life becomes busier, this often isn’t the case.

Sex therapist Esther Perel argues that to sustain passion in a long-term relationship, couples must balance intimacy with desire. Intentionality in the sexual relationship might involve scheduling time for intimacy, exploring new ways to connect, or discussing each partner’s desires and boundaries . This level of communication fosters trust and helps partners feel safe expressing their needs.

 Strategies for Reigniting Sexual Intimacy:

  • Schedule time for intimacy: While it may seem unromantic, planning for intimacy ensures that it remains a priority amidst busy schedules.
  • Explore together: Be open to trying new activities, discussing fantasies, or changing the environment to rediscover desire.
  • Communicate openly about desires: Honest conversations about sexual needs and boundaries help ensure both partners feel satisfied and respected.

 The Power of Intentional Acts of Love

In a fast-paced world, it’s easy to get caught up in work, parenting, or other responsibilities, leaving little time for nurturing intimacy. However, small, intentional acts of love can be transformative. Whether it’s a simple “I love you” text during the day, a thoughtful compliment, or spending five minutes hugging, these gestures remind your partner that they are cherished and loved.

Dr. Gary Chapman’s theory of the “Five Love Languages” offers insight into how couples can be intentional in expressing love in ways that are meaningful to their partner. By learning whether your partner values words of affirmation, acts of service, receiving gifts, quality time, or physical touch, you can engage in targeted acts of love that resonate deeply .

 Building a Culture of Intentional Intimacy

Being intentional about intimacy doesn’t mean grand gestures or elaborate plans—it means consistently showing up for your partner and nurturing the connection. As author Brene Brown explains, vulnerability is key to fostering true intimacy. When couples intentionally create space for vulnerability, they build a deeper emotional and physical connection that sustains their relationship over time .

 Practical Steps for Building Intentional Intimacy:

  1. Schedule regular date nights: Make time for each other away from the stresses of daily life to focus on the relationship.
  2. Check-in daily: Even a brief conversation about your day can keep you emotionally connected.
  3. Celebrate small moments: Intimacy grows through appreciating the small, everyday moments of life together.
  4. Express affection frequently: Whether through words or touch, let your partner know they are loved.

 Conclusion

Intimacy is the heartbeat of a thriving relationship. Being intentional about emotional, physical, and sexual closeness fosters deeper connections, strengthens trust, and rekindles passion. By making small but meaningful efforts to prioritize intimacy, couples can move beyond autopilot and rediscover the love and connection that brought them together in the first place.

This article has been written by John S. Collier, MSW, LCSW. Mr. Collier has over 25 years of experience in the social work field and is based in London Kentucky through Southeast Kentucky Behavioral Health, LLC. Mr. Collier may be reached by phone at (606) 657–0532 extension 101 or by email at [email protected].

 References

  1. Perel, E. (2017). The State of Affairs: Rethinking Infidelity. HarperCollins.
  2. Chapman, G. (1995). The Five Love Languages: The Secret to Love that Lasts. Northfield Publishing.
  3. Johnson, S. M. (2008). Hold Me Tight: Seven Conversations for a Lifetime of Love. Little, Brown and Company.
  4. Uvnas-Moberg, K. (2003). The Oxytocin Factor: Tapping the Hormone of Calm, Love, and Healing. Da Capo Press.
  5. Gottman, J. (1999). The Seven Principles for Making Marriage Work. Harmony Books.
  6. Brown, B. (2012). Daring Greatly: How the Courage to Be Vulnerable Transforms the Way We Live, Love, Parent, and Lead. Gotham Books.

How to Stop Being Roommates and Start Being Lovers Again:  Part 2 Prioritizing Intimacy

In long-term relationships, it’s common for couples to fall into a routine where they feel more like roommates than lovers. The pressures of daily life, such as work, children, and household responsibilities, can erode intimacy over time. As passion fades, couples may find themselves living parallel lives, disconnected emotionally and physically. However, reigniting the flame is possible. By prioritizing intimacy, couples can reconnect and move from being mere roommates back to lovers.

 Understanding the “Roommate Syndrome”

The “roommate syndrome” occurs when partners cohabit but feel emotionally distant, interact primarily out of necessity, and rarely engage in activities that foster closeness. This phenomenon can result in feelings of loneliness, frustration, and even resentment. According to psychologist John Gottman, emotional neglect is one of the primary reasons couples drift apart. In Gottman’s research, happy couples maintain emotional intimacy by continually turning toward each other for connection rather than turning away or ignoring one another .

 Why Intimacy Matters

Intimacy is essential to a healthy and fulfilling romantic relationship. It involves emotional connection, physical affection, and mutual vulnerability. Clinical psychologist Dr. Sue Johnson, founder of Emotionally Focused Therapy, emphasizes that intimacy creates a sense of security and belonging in relationships . Without intimacy, partners may feel unloved and unimportant, which can eventually erode the foundation of the relationship. Prioritizing intimacy can help rebuild emotional bonds and create an environment where romance can flourish again.

Strategies to Rebuild Intimacy

  1. Make Time for Each Other

One of the most effective ways to reconnect is to intentionally carve out time for your partner. According to a study by the National Marriage Project, couples who spend quality time together at least once a week are more likely to experience higher levels of marital satisfaction . Date nights, shared hobbies, or simply taking a walk together can create opportunities for meaningful conversation and emotional connection.

  • Communicate Openly and Honestly

Open communication is crucial for intimacy. Partners need to express their desires, fears, and frustrations without fear of judgment. Regular check-ins where each partner shares their thoughts and feelings can help ensure that both are on the same page. In Dr. Harville Hendrix’s “Imago Relationship Therapy,” couples are encouraged to use conscious dialogue, which involves listening without interrupting and validating the other person’s emotions . This type of communication fosters emotional intimacy and reduces conflict.

  • Reignite Physical Affection

Physical intimacy is a key component of romantic relationships. While emotional closeness is crucial, physical affection also plays a significant role in reigniting passion. Studies show that physical touch, such as holding hands, hugging, or cuddling, releases oxytocin, the “love hormone,” which enhances bonding and emotional closeness . Making time for non-sexual physical affection can strengthen the relationship, leading to a more fulfilling sexual connection as well.

  • Prioritize Sexual Intimacy

Sexual intimacy often diminishes in long-term relationships due to stress, fatigue, or routine. However, a healthy sexual relationship is important for many couples to feel close and connected. To rekindle the sexual spark, couples may need to approach intimacy with intention. Sex therapist Esther Perel suggests that desire requires distance, novelty, and excitement . Couples can reignite passion by trying new experiences, exploring fantasies, or simply setting aside uninterrupted time to be intimate.

  • Practice Gratitude and Affirmation

It’s easy to take each other for granted after years of partnership, but practicing gratitude can help reignite feelings of appreciation and love. According to Dr. Robert Emmons, an expert in gratitude research, expressing gratitude helps partners feel valued and strengthens the emotional bond between them . Couples can incorporate gratitude into their daily lives by acknowledging and thanking each other for small gestures, thereby fostering a more positive and loving atmosphere.

  • Seek Professional Help if Needed

Sometimes, the emotional and physical distance between partners requires professional guidance to bridge. Couples therapy can provide tools to rebuild intimacy, improve communication, and address unresolved conflicts. Therapies such as Gottman Method Couples Therapy or Emotionally Focused Therapy (EFT) have been shown to be effective in helping couples reconnect and repair their relationship  .

 The Power of Small Gestures

Small daily gestures of love and affection can make a significant difference in rebuilding intimacy. Even seemingly insignificant acts, like making your partner coffee in the morning, leaving a kind note, or complimenting them, can show that you care. These moments of connection can accumulate over time, creating a foundation for deeper emotional and physical intimacy.

Revitalizing a relationship and moving from roommates to lovers again requires effort and commitment from both partners. By prioritizing intimacy—through communication, physical affection, shared experiences, and practicing gratitude—couples can restore their emotional and physical connection. Ultimately, rebuilding intimacy strengthens the relationship, making it more resilient to the challenges of life and deepening the bond between partners.

This article has been written by John S. Collier, MSW, LCSW. Mr. Collier has over 25 years of experience in the social work field and is based in London Kentucky through Southeast Kentucky Behavioral Health, LLC. Mr. Collier may be reached by phone at (606) 657–0532 extension 101 or by email at [email protected].

 References

  1. Perel, E. (2017). The State of Affairs: Rethinking Infidelity. HarperCollins.
  2. Hendrix, H. (2008). Getting the Love You Want: A Guide for Couples. St. Martin’s Griffin.
  3. Johnson, S. M. (2008). Hold Me Tight: Seven Conversations for a Lifetime of Love. Little, Brown and Company.
  4. National Marriage Project. (2011). “The Date Night Opportunity: What Does Couple Time Tell Us About the Quality of Relationships?” University of Virginia.
  5. Gottman, J. (1999). The Seven Principles for Making Marriage Work. Harmony Books.
  6. Uvnas-Moberg, K. (2003). The Oxytocin Factor: Tapping the Hormone of Calm, Love, and Healing. Da Capo Press.
  7. Emmons, R. A. (2013). Gratitude Works!: A 21-Day Program for Creating Emotional Prosperity. Jossey-Bass.