Tag ADHD

Understanding ADHD and Its Types

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder that commonly begins in childhood and can persist into adulthood. It affects attention, impulsivity, and activity levels, often impacting social, academic, and occupational functioning. According to the American Psychiatric Association (APA), ADHD is one of the most common mental health conditions among children, with an estimated prevalence of 5-10% globally (APA, 2022). ADHD manifests in different forms, categorized into three primary types: predominantly inattentive, predominantly hyperactive-impulsive, and combined presentation.

What is ADHD?

ADHD is characterized by persistent patterns of inattention and/or hyperactivity-impulsivity that interfere with daily functioning or development. The exact cause of ADHD is not entirely understood, but research suggests it results from a combination of genetic, neurological, and environmental factors (National Institute of Mental Health [NIMH], 2022). Key symptoms include difficulty sustaining attention, forgetfulness, excessive talking, and acting without considering consequences.

Types of ADHD

ADHD is divided into three types based on the predominant symptoms:

1. Predominantly Inattentive Presentation

Individuals with this type primarily exhibit symptoms of inattention, such as:

• Difficulty focusing on tasks or sustaining attention.

• Being easily distracted by external stimuli.

• Frequently losing items needed for daily activities.

• Forgetfulness in daily routines.

This type is often referred to as “ADD” (Attention Deficit Disorder), though this term is no longer officially used in medical diagnoses. It is more common in girls and may be underdiagnosed due to the subtler nature of the symptoms compared to hyperactivity.

2. Predominantly Hyperactive-Impulsive Presentation

This type is marked by symptoms of hyperactivity and impulsivity, such as:

• Fidgeting or squirming when seated.

• Inability to remain seated in situations where it is expected.

• Interrupting others during conversations.

• Difficulty waiting for one’s turn.

This presentation is more noticeable in children, as they may frequently run, climb, or exhibit other inappropriate behaviors for the context.

3. Combined Presentation

The combined type is diagnosed when an individual exhibits significant symptoms of both inattention and hyperactivity-impulsivity for at least six months. This is the most common type of ADHD and can result in significant challenges in academic, occupational, and social settings.

Diagnosis and Treatment

ADHD is diagnosed based on criteria outlined in the DSM-5-TR, which requires that symptoms be present for at least six months and interfere with functioning in at least two settings (e.g., home and school) (APA, 2022). A comprehensive evaluation often includes clinical interviews, behavior assessments, and input from caregivers or teachers.

Treatment for ADHD typically includes:

1. Behavioral Therapy: Focuses on teaching strategies to manage symptoms and improve functioning.

2. Medication: Stimulants such as methylphenidate (e.g., Ritalin) and amphetamines (e.g., Adderall) are the most common pharmacological treatments. Non-stimulant medications may also be used.

3. Educational Support: Individualized Education Plans (IEPs) or accommodations under Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act can help students with ADHD succeed academically.

ADHD is a complex and multifaceted condition that affects individuals differently depending on the type and severity of symptoms. Early identification and tailored interventions are essential to support those with ADHD in managing their symptoms and achieving their full potential. Ongoing research continues to uncover insights into ADHD, paving the way for improved understanding and treatment approaches.

This article was written by John S. Collier, MSW, LCSW. John has over 25 years in the social work field. He is currently serving as the executive Director and outpatient behavioral health provider at Southeast Kentucky Behavioral Health based out of London Kentucky. John may be reached by phone at 606-657-0532 extension 101 or by email at [email protected].

References

• American Psychiatric Association. (2022). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th ed., Text Revision). American Psychiatric Publishing.

• National Institute of Mental Health. (2022). Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): Overview and Diagnosis. Retrieved from https://www.nimh.nih.gov.

• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (2022). ADHD Throughout the Lifespan. Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov.

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Tips for Staying Focused When You Have ADHD: A Guide for Teens

Introduction

If you’re a teen with ADHD (Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder), you might struggle with focusing on schoolwork, completing assignments, or staying attentive in class. ADHD can impact your ability to organize, manage time, and concentrate. But the good news is there are specific strategies you can use to help improve focus. In this guide, we’ll explore some tips and techniques that can help you succeed academically and personally, all supported by research.

1. Break Tasks into Smaller Steps

ADHD can make large tasks feel overwhelming, leading to procrastination or anxiety. Research suggests that breaking tasks into smaller, manageable steps can help make tasks feel more achievable and less intimidating (Barkley, 2015). For example, instead of trying to complete an entire project in one sitting, focus on completing just one part at a time.

Tip: Create a checklist of small tasks related to a big assignment. Checking off each step can give you a sense of progress and accomplishment.

2. Use a Timer for Focused Work Sessions

A technique called the Pomodoro Method can help increase focus by breaking study time into intervals (Cirillo, 2006). Set a timer for 25 minutes and work on a task until the timer goes off. Then, take a 5-minute break before starting the next session. This technique helps build a habit of staying focused in shorter bursts, which is easier to manage with ADHD.

Tip: Use a kitchen timer or a timer app on your phone to help stick to the intervals. Remember to reward yourself with a break after each work session!

3. Minimize Distractions in Your Study Environment

ADHD makes it challenging to ignore distractions, so it’s essential to create a study space with minimal distractions. Studies show that a quiet, organized environment can improve concentration for people with ADHD (Tuckman, Abry, & Smith, 2002). This means turning off your phone notifications, keeping only necessary items on your desk, and, if possible, studying in a quiet place.

Tip: If you find it hard to stay off your phone, consider using apps like Forest or Focus@Will, which are designed to help you focus by blocking distractions.

4. Set Realistic Goals and Prioritize Tasks

ADHD can make it tough to prioritize, so setting clear, realistic goals can help keep you on track. Studies suggest that prioritizing tasks can help reduce stress and improve time management skills for those with ADHD (Brown, 2013). Each day, make a to-do list and identify your top priorities. This will help you tackle the most important tasks first.

Tip: Use planners or digital tools like Google Keep or Trello to organize your tasks and track your progress.

5. Practice Mindfulness Techniques

Mindfulness can help improve focus and reduce impulsivity, which can be especially helpful for teens with ADHD (Zylowska et al., 2008). Mindfulness involves paying attention to the present moment without judgment. Practicing simple mindfulness exercises, such as deep breathing or short meditation sessions, can help you feel more centered and focused.

Tip: Try practicing deep breathing exercises before starting your homework or during study breaks to help clear your mind and refocus.

6. Take Regular Physical Activity Breaks

Physical activity has been shown to improve focus and cognitive function in individuals with ADHD (Medina et al., 2010). Exercise can help increase dopamine levels in the brain, which play a role in attention and focus. Taking short, active breaks, such as a walk or a quick workout, can help recharge your brain and prepare you for focused work.

Tip: When you start feeling restless or unfocused, take a five-minute walk or do some stretching to reset your energy.

7. Get Enough Sleep

Sleep plays a critical role in concentration and focus, especially for people with ADHD. Studies show that teens with ADHD often have disrupted sleep patterns, which can worsen symptoms (Owens, 2005). Aim for at least 8-9 hours of sleep each night to help you feel more alert and ready to focus.

Tip: Establish a consistent bedtime routine, avoid screens an hour before bed, and keep your bedroom as dark and quiet as possible to improve sleep quality.

8. Reward Yourself for Completing Tasks

Rewards can help motivate you to stay focused. Studies show that reward-based systems are effective for managing ADHD symptoms (Pelham et al., 2017). You can set up a reward system for yourself by choosing something you enjoy as a “treat” after you finish a task.

Tip: For example, after completing your homework, reward yourself with a favorite snack or time on your favorite video game.

Conclusion

Staying focused with ADHD can be challenging, but using these strategies can help you improve your focus and manage your time better. Remember, it’s okay to take small steps and make adjustments as you go. With practice, patience, and support, you can succeed both in school and in personal goals.

This article has been written by John S. Collier, MSW, LCSW. Mr. Collier has over 25 years experience in the Social Work field. He may be reached at 6066570532 ext 101 or by email at [email protected].

References

• Barkley, R. A. (2015). Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: A handbook for diagnosis and treatment. Guilford Publications.

• Brown, T. E. (2013). A new understanding of ADHD in children and adults: Executive function impairments. Routledge.

• Cirillo, F. (2006). The Pomodoro Technique. FC Garage.

• Medina, J. A., Netto, T. L., Muszkat, M., & Batistela, M. E. (2010). Exercise impact on sustained attention of ADHD children. Health, 2(11), 1244-1250.

• Owens, J. A. (2005). The ADHD and sleep conundrum: A review. Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics, 26(4), 312-322.

• Pelham, W. E., Fabiano, G. A., & Massetti, G. M. (2017). Evidence-based psychosocial treatments for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 34(3), 449-476.

• Tuckman, B. W., Abry, D. A., & Smith, D. R. (2002). Learning and motivation strategies for students with ADHD. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 35(4), 321-333.

• Zylowska, L., Ackerman, D. L., Yang, M. H., Futrell, J. L., Horton, N. L., Hale, T. S., & Smalley, S. L. (2008). Mindfulness meditation training in adults and adolescents with ADHD: A feasibility study. Journal of Attention Disorders, 11(6), 737-746.

Each of these strategies can be helpful on its own, but combining them may provide the most benefit. Give yourself grace as you try these new approaches, and keep experimenting to find what works best for you.