Welcome to SOUTHEAST KENTUCKY BEHAVIORAL HEALTH
Emotional safety: The Foundation of Lasting Love and Trust

Every healthy relationship is built upon a foundation that is often overlooked but profoundly essential: emotional safety. While attraction, shared interests, and physical intimacy contribute to relationship satisfaction, they cannot sustain a relationship in the absence of emotional security. Emotional safety is the confidence that one can be authentic, vulnerable, and emotionally honest without fear of ridicule, rejection, manipulation, or abandonment. It allows individuals to express their thoughts, emotions, fears, and hopes knowing they will be met with respect, empathy, and understanding.

Psychological research consistently demonstrates that emotional safety is one of the strongest predictors of relationship satisfaction, resilience, and long-term stability (Gottman & Silver, 2015; Johnson, 2019). Couples who cultivate emotional safety are better equipped to navigate disagreements, recover from conflict, and deepen intimacy over time.

Defining Emotional Safety

Emotional safety refers to a relational environment in which both partners feel accepted, valued, respected, and emotionally secure. It is characterized by trust, mutual respect, consistent behavior, and the confidence that one’s emotional needs will be met with compassion rather than criticism.

Dr. Sue Johnson (2019), founder of Emotionally Focused Therapy (EFT), describes emotional safety as the assurance that one’s partner is emotionally accessible, responsive, and engaged. When individuals experience this type of security, they are more likely to communicate openly, develop secure attachment patterns, and experience greater emotional well-being.

Unlike physical safety, emotional safety involves protecting another person’s dignity, self-worth, and emotional experiences.

Characteristics of Emotionally Safe Relationships

Emotionally safe relationships exhibit several defining characteristics.

Open Communication

Partners freely express thoughts, feelings, concerns, and desires without fearing ridicule or punishment. Honest communication becomes an invitation to understand rather than an opportunity to criticize.

Mutual Respect

Each individual values the other’s opinions, boundaries, and individuality, even during disagreement. Respect communicates that one’s worth is not dependent upon agreement.

Emotional Validation

Validation does not necessarily mean agreement. Instead, it acknowledges another person’s emotional experience as real and understandable. For example:

“I understand why you felt hurt by what happened.”

This differs significantly from statements such as:

“You’re too sensitive.”

Research indicates that emotional validation reduces defensiveness and promotes healthier conflict resolution (Linehan, 2015).

Consistency

Trust develops when behaviors consistently align with words. Predictability creates emotional stability and reduces anxiety within the relationship.

Healthy Conflict Resolution

Emotionally safe couples recognize that disagreements are inevitable. Rather than attacking each other, they focus on solving problems together.

According to Gottman and Silver (2015), successful couples maintain a ratio of approximately five positive interactions for every negative interaction during times of conflict, helping preserve emotional connection despite disagreement.

The Role of Vulnerability

One of the greatest indicators of emotional safety is the willingness to be vulnerable.

Vulnerability includes:

  • Admitting mistakes
  • Expressing fears
  • Asking for support
  • Sharing dreams
  • Revealing insecurities
  • Discussing painful experiences

Brown (2012) argues that vulnerability is not weakness but the birthplace of courage, intimacy, and authentic connection. Emotional safety provides the environment where vulnerability becomes possible.

Without safety, vulnerability feels dangerous.

With safety, vulnerability strengthens emotional intimacy.

Emotional Safety and Attachment Theory

Attachment theory provides significant insight into why emotional safety is so important.

Originally developed by John Bowlby (1988) and later expanded by Mary Ainsworth and others, attachment theory proposes that early relationships shape expectations regarding trust and security.

Individuals with secure attachment generally experience:

  • Greater trust
  • Better emotional regulation
  • Healthier communication
  • Higher relationship satisfaction

Conversely, individuals with anxious or avoidant attachment styles often struggle with emotional safety due to previous experiences involving inconsistency, rejection, or emotional neglect.

Fortunately, emotionally safe adult relationships can help reshape insecure attachment patterns through repeated experiences of trust, reliability, and compassion (Johnson, 2019).

Behaviors That Create Emotional Safety

Partners cultivate emotional safety through intentional daily behaviors.

These include:

  • Listening without interrupting
  • Demonstrating empathy
  • Keeping promises
  • Respecting confidentiality
  • Avoiding contempt and sarcasm
  • Offering reassurance during stressful situations
  • Apologizing sincerely when wrong
  • Speaking respectfully during conflict
  • Expressing appreciation regularly
  • Supporting one another’s emotional growth

Small, consistent acts often have a greater cumulative impact than occasional grand gestures.

Behaviors That Undermine Emotional Safety

Several behaviors quickly erode trust and emotional security.

These include:

  • Criticism
  • Contempt
  • Defensiveness
  • Stonewalling
  • Gaslighting
  • Manipulation
  • Silent treatment
  • Public humiliation
  • Emotional invalidation
  • Chronic dishonesty

Gottman (1999) famously identified criticism, contempt, defensiveness, and stonewalling as the “Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse,” noting that these behaviors strongly predict relationship dissatisfaction and divorce.

Emotional Safety During Conflict

Contrary to popular belief, emotionally safe couples still experience disagreements.

The difference lies not in the frequency of conflict but in how conflict is managed.

Healthy couples:

  • Stay focused on the issue rather than attacking character.
  • Listen before responding.
  • Take responsibility for mistakes.
  • Seek understanding rather than victory.
  • Repair emotional injuries quickly.

Conflict becomes an opportunity for greater understanding rather than emotional destruction.

The Psychological Benefits of Emotional Safety

Research demonstrates numerous psychological benefits associated with emotionally safe relationships.

These include:

  • Reduced anxiety
  • Lower depression rates
  • Increased resilience
  • Improved emotional regulation
  • Greater life satisfaction
  • Better physical health
  • Enhanced self-esteem
  • Increased relationship commitment

Coan and Sbarra (2015) explain that supportive relationships reduce physiological stress responses, illustrating that emotional safety benefits both psychological and physical health.

Developing Emotional Safety

Building emotional safety requires intentional effort from both partners.

Practical strategies include:

  1. Practice active listening.
  2. Validate emotions before offering solutions.
  3. Keep commitments.
  4. Express appreciation daily.
  5. Establish healthy boundaries.
  6. Repair conflicts promptly.
  7. Avoid personal attacks.
  8. Show consistent affection.
  9. Encourage emotional honesty.
  10. Seek professional counseling when necessary.

Developing emotional safety is not about achieving perfection but about consistently choosing empathy over judgment and connection over defensiveness.

Conclusion

Emotional safety is the invisible foundation upon which healthy relationships are built. It allows individuals to become their authentic selves without fear of rejection or humiliation. When emotional safety exists, vulnerability becomes strength, communication becomes honest, conflict becomes constructive, and intimacy deepens naturally.

Ultimately, emotional safety answers one of humanity’s deepest relational questions:

“Can I fully be myself with you and know that I will still be loved?”

When the answer is yes, relationships flourish.

About the Author

John S. Collier, MSW, LCSW-S is a licensed clinical social worker, behavioral health professional, and Executive Director of Southeast Kentucky Behavioral Health, LLC. With more than 25 years of experience in behavioral health, he has dedicated his career to helping individuals and families navigate trauma, grief, anxiety, depression, relationship challenges, life transitions, and emotional healing. His clinical work combines evidence-based therapeutic approaches with genuine compassion, empowering people to build resilience, strengthen relationships, and discover hope during life’s most difficult seasons.

In addition to his clinical practice, John is a prolific author whose writings bridge psychological science, practical life skills, and Christian principles. His work is known for translating complex mental health concepts into clear, compassionate, and practical guidance that readers can immediately apply to everyday life. Whether writing about emotional wellness, relationships, trauma recovery, personal growth, or spiritual development, he seeks to equip readers with tools that promote lasting change and healthier living.

John is also a respected writer on Freemasonry, symbolism, leadership, and personal development, blending historical scholarship with thoughtful reflection and practical application. Across every book and article, his goal remains the same: to encourage insight, inspire hope, and provide readers with practical wisdom that fosters emotional, relational, and spiritual well-being.

He lives in London, Kentucky, where he continues to serve his community through counseling, education, writing, and professional leadership. His passion is helping people move beyond survival toward lives marked by resilience, purpose, healthy relationships, and lasting hope.

References

Bowlby, J. (1988). A Secure Base: Parent-Child Attachment and Healthy Human Development. Basic Books.

Brown, B. (2012). Daring Greatly. Gotham Books.

Coan, J. A., & Sbarra, D. A. (2015). Social baseline theory: The social regulation of risk and effort. Current Opinion in Psychology, 1, 87–91.

Gottman, J. M. (1999). The Seven Principles for Making Marriage Work. Crown Publishers.

Gottman, J. M., & Silver, N. (2015). The Seven Principles for Making Marriage Work (Revised ed.). Harmony Books.

Johnson, S. M. (2019). Attachment Theory in Practice: Emotionally Focused Therapy (EFT) with Individuals, Couples, and Families. Guilford Press.

Linehan, M. M. (2015). DBT Skills Training Manual (2nd ed.). Guilford Press.

If you’d like, I can also expand this into a 20–25 page journal-style article with sections on emotional safety in marriage, dating, trauma, attachment styles, neuroscience, red flags, practical exercises, and Christian/Biblical perspectives.

Surviving the Affair: Choosing Hope After Betrayal

Part Three: Choosing Hope After Betrayal

The Betrayed Spouse Who Wants to Save the Marriage

For many people, the greatest surprise after discovering an affair is not the depth of their anger—it is the realization that, despite everything that has happened, they still love their spouse. That realization often brings confusion. Friends may tell you to leave. Family members may never trust your spouse again. Your own emotions may change from hour to hour. Yet somewhere beneath the heartbreak remains a quiet thought:

“I still want to save my marriage.”

Wanting to reconcile does not mean you are weak. It does not mean you approve of what happened. It does not mean you lack self-respect. It simply means you believe that one terrible chapter does not always have to become the final chapter. Choosing reconciliation is one of the most courageous decisions a betrayed spouse can make—but it is also one of the hardest. Rebuilding trust after betrayal requires honesty, patience, humility, accountability, and an unwavering commitment from both spouses. One person cannot repair a marriage alone.


Reconciliation Is Not Returning to the Old Marriage

Many couples believe their goal is to “get back to the way things were.” Ironically, that should never be the goal. The marriage that existed before the affair contained vulnerabilities, unhealthy patterns, unmet needs, or broken boundaries that allowed betrayal to become possible. While those factors never excuse infidelity, they do reveal that simply returning to the past would leave the relationship vulnerable again. Healthy reconciliation means building an entirely new marriage—one characterized by greater honesty, emotional safety, communication, transparency, and mutual respect.


Trust Is Rebuilt in Inches, Not Miles

Trust does not return because someone apologizes. Trust grows when words and actions become consistently aligned over time. Every kept promise becomes another brick in rebuilding the foundation. Every truthful conversation repairs another crack. Every act of transparency communicates safety. Eventually the betrayed spouse begins noticing something remarkable. They are no longer checking because they are afraid. They are beginning to believe again.


What Genuine Remorse Looks Like

There is a significant difference between regret and remorse.

Regret says: “I’m sorry I got caught.”

Remorse says: “I’m devastated by what my choices have done to you.”

A spouse who truly desires reconciliation accepts responsibility without defensiveness. They answer difficult questions honestly. They understand that healing occurs on the betrayed spouse’s timetable rather than their own. Real remorse remains patient even when forgiveness has not yet arrived.


Four Foundations for Rebuilding a Marriage

Healthy reconciliation is built upon four essential foundations:

  • Radical honesty. Secrets must end completely.
  • Complete transparency. Phones, schedules, finances, and communication become open rather than hidden.
  • Emotional accountability. Both spouses learn healthier ways of expressing hurt, fear, disappointment, and needs.
  • Mutual commitment. Both partners actively participate in rebuilding the relationship.

Without these foundations, reconciliation becomes little more than wishful thinking.


Healing Is Not Linear

Many couples become discouraged because healing does not happen in a straight line. There will be good weeks. Then difficult days. There will be moments of laughter followed by unexpected tears. Triggers may appear months after the affair. This does not mean reconciliation has failed. Healing is often like recovering from a serious physical injury. Some days the wound barely hurts. Other days it aches unexpectedly. Progress should be measured over months, not moments.


Healthy Boundaries Protect Love

Many people mistakenly believe boundaries push people apart. Healthy boundaries actually protect intimacy. Examples include:

  • Complete no-contact with the affair partner.
  • Open access to electronic devices when rebuilding trust.
  • Honest discussions about emotional needs.
  • Clear expectations regarding friendships with others.
  • Immediate disclosure of situations that could threaten trust.

Boundaries are not punishments. They are safeguards.


When Hope Feels Fragile

There will be days when you question whether reconciliation is worth the effort. During those moments, remember that hope is rarely a feeling. Hope is often a decision. It is choosing to continue today’s work without demanding tomorrow’s certainty. Hope says:

“I cannot change yesterday, but I can influence what happens next.”


Tools for Healing

  • Participate in couples therapy with a clinician experienced in affair recovery.
  • Maintain individual counseling to process betrayal trauma.
  • Schedule weekly conversations focused on emotional connection rather than conflict.
  • Develop healthy communication skills using active listening and empathy.
  • Establish accountability practices that build trust.
  • Journal progress rather than focusing only on setbacks.
  • Pray together, even when conversations feel difficult.
  • Celebrate small victories as trust gradually returns.

A Christian Perspective

Scripture never minimizes the seriousness of betrayal. At the same time, it repeatedly demonstrates God’s ability to redeem broken lives and broken relationships.

Ephesians 4:32 reminds believers: “Be kind and compassionate to one another, forgiving each other, just as in Christ God forgave you.”

Forgiveness does not erase consequences. Grace does not eliminate accountability. Instead, both create the possibility for transformation. Marriage restoration is not guaranteed. But where humility, repentance, truth, and sacrificial love exist, remarkable healing can occur.


A Therapist’s Reflection

Some of the strongest marriages I have witnessed are not those that never experienced crisis. They are the marriages that refused to let crisis become the final word. These couples learned to communicate more honestly than ever before. They became emotionally safer than they had ever been. They developed deeper compassion because they had walked together through profound pain. Not every marriage survives an affair. Some should not. But when two emotionally healthy people become fully committed to truth, accountability, and growth, reconciliation becomes more than possible.

It becomes a testimony that broken things can sometimes become stronger where they were once fractured. The affair may always be remembered. It does not have to define the remainder of your marriage.


About the Author

John S. Collier, MSW, LCSW-S is a licensed clinical social worker, psychotherapist, author, educator, and speaker with decades of experience helping individuals, couples, and families navigate life’s most difficult emotional challenges. Throughout his career, he has worked extensively with people struggling with relationship conflict, betrayal, anxiety, depression, trauma, grief, addiction, and life transitions. His counseling approach combines evidence-based psychological practices with practical wisdom, compassion, and a deep respect for each person’s unique journey.

John has devoted much of his professional life to understanding the complexities of human relationships. He has counseled couples working to rebuild trust after infidelity, individuals recovering from betrayal, and families seeking healing after painful life events. His clinical experience has reinforced one enduring truth: while relationships can be profoundly wounded, people possess an extraordinary capacity for growth, resilience, forgiveness, and transformation when they are equipped with the right tools and support.

As an author, John seeks to bridge the gap between professional mental health knowledge and everyday life. His writing translates complex psychological concepts into practical guidance that readers can understand and apply immediately. Whether addressing marriage, parenting, emotional wellness, trauma recovery, or spiritual growth, his goal is to provide resources that are both clinically sound and personally encouraging.

Surviving the Affair reflects John’s commitment to approaching infidelity with both honesty and compassion. Rather than reducing people to labels or stereotypes, he explores the emotional realities experienced by everyone affected—the betrayed spouse, the unfaithful partner, the affair partner, and the families whose lives are forever changed. Drawing upon years of therapeutic experience, he emphasizes accountability without condemnation, healing without minimizing pain, and hope without offering unrealistic promises.

John believes that healing begins when people are willing to face the truth with courage. While not every relationship can or should be restored, every individual has the capacity to grow beyond betrayal, rediscover integrity, and build a healthier future. His passion is helping readers move from surviving life’s greatest wounds to living with renewed purpose, emotional strength, and hope.

Through his books, speaking engagements, and counseling work, John continues to encourage others to pursue emotional health, healthy relationships, personal responsibility, and lasting transformation—one step at a time.


References

Baucom, D. H., Snyder, D. K., & Gordon, K. C. (2009). Helping Couples Get Past the Affair: A Clinician’s Guide. Guilford Press.

Glass, S. P. (2003). Not “Just Friends”: Rebuilding Trust and Recovering Your Sanity After Infidelity. Free Press.

Gordon, K. C., Baucom, D. H., & Snyder, D. K. (2004). An integrative intervention for promoting recovery from extramarital affairs. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 30(2), 213–231.

Gottman, J. M., & Gottman, J. S. (2015). 10 Principles for Doing Effective Couples Therapy. W. W. Norton.

Johnson, S. M. (2019). Attachment Theory in Practice. Guilford Press.

Snyder, D. K., Baucom, D. H., & Gordon, K. C. (2007). Getting Past the Affair. Guilford Press.

Spring, J. A. (2012). After the Affair (2nd ed.). Harper.

The Holy Bible, New International Version. (2011). Zondervan.




You Should Never Have to Play Detective: How Healthy Relationships Create Security Instead of Suspicion

One of the most exhausting experiences in a romantic relationship is feeling like you have to become an investigator rather than a partner. You begin analyzing text messages, studying social media activity, questioning changes in routine, replaying conversations in your mind, and searching for hidden meanings behind every word or behavior. Instead of experiencing peace, your emotional energy is consumed by uncertainty.

Many people mistakenly believe that this constant vigilance is proof of how deeply they love someone. In reality, it is often evidence that something fundamental is missing: emotional security.

A healthy relationship does not require detective work. It naturally cultivates trust through consistency, honesty, transparency, and emotional safety. Security is not something one partner repeatedly demands; it is something both partners consistently create.

The statement, “A healthy relationship doesn’t make you feel like you have to play detective. It makes you feel secure without asking,” captures one of the clearest indicators of relational health. Security is not created through endless reassurance alone—it develops because a person’s actions repeatedly demonstrate reliability and integrity.


Why People Become Detectives

When trust begins to erode, the human brain naturally attempts to fill in missing information. From an evolutionary perspective, uncertainty represents potential danger. The brain would rather create explanations—even inaccurate ones—than tolerate ambiguity.

Psychologists refer to this as uncertainty reduction, the natural tendency to seek information when situations feel unpredictable (Berger & Calabrese, 1975).

This often leads individuals to:

  • Check phones
  • Monitor social media
  • Question every delay
  • Replay conversations repeatedly
  • Search for inconsistencies
  • Compare current behavior with past patterns
  • Read hidden meanings into ordinary events

Ironically, the more someone investigates, the less secure they often become. Every unanswered question creates three new questions.

The relationship gradually shifts from connection to surveillance.


The Difference Between Healthy Curiosity and Hypervigilance

Healthy partners ask questions. – Hypervigilant partners conduct investigations.

The difference lies in motivation.

Healthy curiosity seeks understanding. – Hypervigilance seeks protection from anticipated betrayal.

Individuals who have experienced betrayal, abandonment, inconsistent caregiving, or previous infidelity frequently develop heightened sensitivity to potential threats (Mikulincer & Shaver, 2016). Their nervous system learns that safety cannot be assumed.

As a result, they begin searching for evidence that confirms their fears. Unfortunately, anxiety rarely says,

“Everything is probably okay.”

Instead it whispers,

“Look again. You probably missed something.”


What Creates Emotional Security?

Security is not created by grand romantic gestures. It is created by ordinary consistency repeated over time. Research by psychologist John Gottman has consistently shown that trust develops through countless small interactions in which partners repeatedly choose honesty, responsiveness, and emotional availability (Gottman & Silver, 2015).

Security grows when someone:

  • Does what they say they will do.
  • Keeps promises.
  • Is emotionally available.
  • Answers difficult questions honestly.
  • Communicates openly.
  • Shows consistency between words and actions.
  • Makes their partner feel valued rather than tolerated.

Trust is not built in dramatic moments. It is built in ordinary Tuesdays.


Transparency Is Different Than Surveillance

Some people mistakenly believe that complete surveillance creates trust. It does not. Knowing every password does not automatically produce security. Tracking someone’s location does not automatically eliminate fear. Reading every text message does not automatically heal betrayal. Transparency is voluntarily offered. Surveillance is demanded. Healthy couples willingly share information because they have nothing to hide—not because they are forced to prove their innocence every day. Trust cannot survive when one partner constantly feels like they are on trial.


Insecure Relationships Create Constant Guessing

When emotional safety is absent, people begin asking themselves questions like:

  • “Why haven’t they texted?”
  • “Why did they seem distant?”
  • “Who liked that picture?”
  • “Why did they smile at that person?”
  • “Why did they suddenly become protective of their phone?”

Over time these questions become mentally exhausting. The relationship slowly becomes less about love and more about gathering evidence. Instead of enjoying each other’s presence, partners begin managing each other’s suspicions. This is emotionally unsustainable.


Secure Relationships Reduce Mental Noise

One of the most overlooked benefits of a healthy relationship is mental quietness. You stop wondering where you stand. You stop wondering if you’re enough. You stop wondering whether affection will disappear tomorrow. Secure attachment provides what psychologists call a safe haven and a secure base (Bowlby, 1988).

A safe haven is someone who provides comfort during stress. A secure base is someone whose presence allows you to confidently explore life because you know they will remain emotionally available. When those needs are consistently met, anxiety decreases. Your mind becomes quieter.


Consistency Is More Convincing Than Words

Many unhealthy relationships are filled with reassuring words but inconsistent behavior. Someone may repeatedly say:

  • “Trust me.”
  • “Nothing’s wrong.”
  • “You’re overthinking.”

Yet their behavior continues creating confusion. Research consistently demonstrates that trust is based more on predictable behavior than verbal reassurance (Rempel, Holmes, & Zanna, 1985). People believe patterns. Not promises.


Emotional Safety Changes Everything

Emotional safety allows people to become fully themselves. They no longer fear punishment for expressing feelings. They no longer hide needs. They no longer worry that honesty will be weaponized against them. Psychologist Sue Johnson, developer of Emotionally Focused Therapy (EFT), explains that secure emotional bonds reduce distress because partners become reliable sources of comfort rather than uncertainty (Johnson, 2019). Healthy love feels emotionally predictable. Not emotionally confusing.


When Detective Work Is Actually Warning You

There is an important distinction that should not be ignored. Sometimes people feel suspicious because anxiety is distorting reality. Other times, their instincts are responding to genuine inconsistencies. If someone repeatedly:

  • Lies
  • Hides information
  • Gaslights concerns
  • Breaks promises
  • Violates boundaries
  • Creates confusion intentionally

then the issue is not insecurity. The issue is trustworthiness. Healthy relationships welcome honest conversations. Unhealthy relationships often punish them. The goal is never blind trust. The goal is earned trust.


Building a Relationship That Doesn’t Require Investigation

Healthy couples intentionally cultivate trust. Some practical ways include:

  • Communicating honestly, even when conversations are uncomfortable.
  • Being consistent between words and actions.
  • Following through on commitments.
  • Taking responsibility for mistakes without defensiveness.
  • Offering reassurance through dependable behavior rather than empty promises.
  • Addressing concerns early before resentment grows.
  • Respecting healthy boundaries while remaining emotionally transparent.
  • Choosing integrity when no one is watching.

Over time, these behaviors create a relationship where partners naturally relax into security.


The Peace of Being Known

Perhaps the greatest gift of a healthy relationship is not excitement. It is peace. It is the quiet confidence that someone chooses you every day. It is knowing you do not have to decode hidden messages. You do not have to search for clues. You do not have to become an investigator. You simply experience what trust feels like. Healthy love removes the constant need for proof because its evidence is visible every day. Security is not the absence of questions. It is the consistent presence of answers. A healthy relationship allows your heart to rest because the person beside you has repeatedly shown—through honesty, consistency, and genuine care—that your trust is safe with them.


About the Author

John S. Collier, MSW, LCSW-S is a licensed clinical social worker, author, educator, and speaker with extensive experience helping individuals, couples, and families navigate emotional, behavioral, and relational challenges. Throughout his career, he has specialized in cognitive behavioral therapy, relationship dynamics, anxiety disorders, trauma recovery, and emotional resilience. His writing bridges psychological research with practical, everyday application, presenting complex concepts in language that is both accessible and meaningful. John is passionate about equipping readers with evidence-based tools that foster healthier relationships, emotional well-being, and personal growth. Through his books and articles, he encourages readers to build lives marked by wisdom, authenticity, resilience, and hope.


References

Berger, C. R., & Calabrese, R. J. (1975). Some explorations in initial interaction and beyond: Toward a developmental theory of interpersonal communication. Human Communication Research, 1(2), 99–112.

Bowlby, J. (1988). A Secure Base: Parent-Child Attachment and Healthy Human Development. New York, NY: Basic Books.

Gottman, J. M., & Silver, N. (2015). The Seven Principles for Making Marriage Work (Revised ed.). New York, NY: Harmony Books.

Johnson, S. M. (2019). Attachment Theory in Practice: Emotionally Focused Therapy (EFT) with Individuals, Couples, and Families. New York, NY: Guilford Press.

Mikulincer, M., & Shaver, P. R. (2016). Attachment in Adulthood: Structure, Dynamics, and Change (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Guilford Press.

Rempel, J. K., Holmes, J. G., & Zanna, M. P. (1985). Trust in close relationships. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 49(1), 95–112.