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Healthy Love Starts with a Healthy Sense of Self

Most of us want to love and be loved. Healthy relationships can bring comfort, support, and joy. They help us through life’s challenges and give us someone to celebrate with during good times. Healthy relationships are built on trust, respect, honesty, and good communication (American Psychological Association [APA], 2024).

While relationships are important, they should not decide how much we value ourselves. Our worth should not depend on another person’s approval. Research shows that healthy relationships are strongest when both people bring their own strengths, values, and identity into the relationship (Bowen, 1978; Rodríguez-González et al., 2023).

What Is Self-Worth?

Self-worth is the way you see and value yourself. It is not based only on your job, your grades, your money, or whether someone else approves of you. Your worth does not disappear because you make a mistake or have a bad day.

People with a healthy sense of self-worth are often better able to handle stress, recover from setbacks, and build healthy relationships. They are also more likely to show themselves kindness instead of harsh criticism when life gets difficult (Neff, 2023).

Self-worth is not about believing you are better than other people. It is about knowing that you have value, just like everyone else.

When You Start Losing Yourself

Most people do not lose themselves all at once. It usually happens little by little. You may stop seeing friends as often. You may give up hobbies you once loved. You may stop chasing your own goals because all of your attention goes toward keeping someone else happy.

Some signs this may be happening include:

  • • Feeling like every disagreement means you have failed.
  • • Needing constant reassurance that you are loved.
  • • Believing another person’s opinion decides your value.
  • • Feeling responsible for someone else’s happiness.
  • • Giving up your own interests just to avoid conflict.

These patterns can happen in any close relationship, including romantic relationships, friendships, and even family relationships. Recognizing these signs is the first step toward making healthy changes.

 

What Research Says

Family therapist Murray Bowen believed healthy people can stay close to the people they love without losing who they are. He called this differentiation of self (Bowen, 1978). Newer research continues to support this idea. People who keep their own identity while staying emotionally connected often report healthier and more satisfying relationships (Rodríguez-González et al., 2023).

Healthy Love Means Growing Together

Healthy relationships are built on interdependence. This simply means two people support one another while still being their own person.

Healthy love does not require you to give up your dreams, your values, or your personality. Instead, it encourages both people to continue growing.

Healthy relationships often sound like this:

  • • “I care about your opinion, but it does not define my worth.”
  • • “We can disagree and still respect each other.”
  • • “I want both of us to reach our goals.”
  • • “We make each other stronger without changing who we are.”

Research on adult attachment shows that people who feel emotionally secure are often better able to communicate honestly, trust their partners, and work through conflict in healthy ways (Mikulincer & Shaver, 2016).

Helping Each Other Grow

Healthy relationships are not just about keeping your own identity. They are also about helping the other person grow.

When you truly care about someone, you want good things for them. You want them to reach their goals, learn new skills, build healthy friendships, and become the best version of themselves. A healthy relationship should make both people feel supported—not held back.

Supporting someone does not mean solving all of their problems or making every decision for them. Instead, it means believing in them, encouraging them, and standing beside them as they grow. Research shows that people are more likely to thrive when they have supportive relationships that encourage both personal growth and independence (Feeney & Collins, 2015).

Healthy support can look like this:

  • • Encouraging them to finish school or continue learning.
  • • Celebrating their accomplishments, both big and small.
  • • Respecting their hobbies and interests, even if they are different from your own.
  • • Encouraging healthy friendships and family relationships.
  • • Supporting healthy habits, like getting enough rest, exercising, or asking for help when needed.
  • • Believing in them during difficult times without trying to control their choices.

Sometimes growth can feel uncomfortable. One person may start a new job, go back to school, begin counseling, or work toward a personal goal. Healthy partners do not feel threatened by these changes. Instead, they celebrate them. They understand that one person’s growth does not take away from the other person’s success. In fact, when one person grows, the relationship often grows stronger too (Feeney & Collins, 2015; Rodríguez-González et al., 2023).

Healthy love is not about one person shining while the other stays in the background. It is about two people walking beside each other, encouraging one another, celebrating each other’s successes, and becoming stronger together.

Respect Without Losing Yourself

Respect is one of the most important parts of a healthy relationship. Respect means listening, speaking kindly, being honest, and trying to understand another person’s point of view. It also means treating one another as equals and respecting each other’s boundaries (American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists [ACOG], 2025). Healthy relationships include respect, communication, honesty, independence, and equality. They allow both people to be themselves while feeling safe and supported.

Respect does not mean giving up your beliefs, your personality, or your values just to keep the peace. It is okay to have different opinions. Healthy relationships allow room for differences because both people know they can disagree without attacking each other’s character.

Every healthy relationship has disagreements. The goal is not to avoid conflict. The goal is to work through it with kindness, patience, and respect. Couples who communicate well, listen to one another, and solve problems as a team often have stronger and longer-lasting relationships (Gottman & Silver, 2015).

You can value another person’s opinion without letting it decide how you feel about yourself.

Taking care of yourself is not selfish. In fact, it often makes relationships stronger.

Taking Care of Yourself Helps Your Relationship

When you care for your own physical, emotional, and mental health, you have more to give to the people around you. You are also better able to handle stress, communicate clearly, and support others. Research shows that practicing self-compassion is linked to better emotional well-being, healthier relationships, and greater resilience during difficult times (Neff, 2023).

Try to:

  • • Spend time with supportive friends and family.
  • • Keep hobbies that bring you joy.
  • • Set personal goals.
  • • Take care of your physical and mental health.
  • • Speak to yourself with kindness.
  • • Learn from mistakes instead of letting them define you.
  • • Ask for help when you need it.

Remember, taking care of yourself is not taking away from the people you love. It helps you become a healthier partner, friend, parent, family member, or coworker.

A Few Questions to Think About

Take a minute to ask yourself:

  • Do I still make time for the people and activities that matter to me?
  • Can I disagree with someone I love without feeling like I have lost my value?
  • Am I encouraging the people I care about to grow and follow their own goals?
  • Do I speak to myself with the same kindness I show others?
  • What is one thing I can do this week to care for myself and support someone I love?

There are no perfect answers. These questions are simply a way to check in with yourself and continue growing.

Final Thoughts

Healthy love is not about finding someone to complete you. It is about two whole people choosing to walk through life together.

When you have a healthy sense of self, you can love others without losing yourself. When you support the growth of the people you love, you help create a relationship where both people can thrive. Research shows that close relationships are strongest when they help people through difficult times and encourage them to pursue their goals, learn new skills, and become the best version of themselves (Feeney & Collins, 2015).

Healthy love should add to your life—not become your whole life.

Remember this:

Your worth is not something another person gives you. It is something you already have. Healthy love helps you recognize that worth, strengthen it, and share it with others. At the same time, it encourages you to help the people you love discover and grow into the best version of themselves.

 About the Author

Julia Bruner, MSW, is a Clinical Associate at Southeast Kentucky Behavioral Health, where she is dedicated to supporting individuals and families as they work toward improved mental health and overall well-being. She recently earned her Master of Social Work degree from University of Pikeville, where she developed advanced clinical knowledge and a strong foundation in evidence-based therapeutic practices.

Julia is passionate about helping others navigate life’s challenges with compassion, empathy, and respect. She believes in creating a supportive and collaborative environment that empowers clients to build resilience, develop healthy coping skills, and achieve meaningful personal growth. Her approach emphasizes meeting individuals where they are while fostering hope, healing, and lasting positive change.

As an emerging mental health professional, Julia is committed to lifelong learning and providing high-quality, person-centered care. She values the importance of building trusting therapeutic relationships and is dedicated to helping those she serves discover their strengths and move toward healthier, more fulfilling lives.

References

American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists. (n.d.). Healthy relationships. https://www.acog.org/womens-health/faqs/healthy-relationships

American Psychological Association. (n.d.). Marriage and relationships. https://www.apa.org/topics/marriage-relationships

Bowen, M. (1978). Family therapy in clinical practice. Jason Aronson.

Feeney, B. C., & Collins, N. L. (2015). A new look at social support: A theoretical perspective on thriving through relationships. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 19(2), 113–147. https://doi.org/10.1177/1088868314544222

Gottman, J. M., & Silver, N. (2015). The seven principles for making marriage work (Rev. ed.). Harmony Books.

Mikulincer, M., & Shaver, P. R. (2016). Attachment in adulthood: Structure, dynamics, and change (2nd ed.). Guilford Press.

Neff, K. D. (2023). Self-compassion: Theory, method, research, and intervention. Annual Review of Psychology, 74, 193–218. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-032420-031047

Rodríguez-González, M., Bell, C. A., Pereyra, S. B., Martínez-Díaz, M. P., Schweer-Collins, M., & Bean, R. A. (2023). Differentiation of self and relationship attachment, quality, and stability: A path analysis of dyadic and longitudinal data from Spanish and U.S. couples. PLOS ONE, 18(3), e0282482. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0282482

 

Trauma Bonding vs. Healthy Bonding: Knowing the Difference Can Change Your Life

Understanding the Difference Between Emotional Attachment and Emotional Safety

Human beings are created for connection. Healthy relationships provide safety, encouragement, and belonging. Unfortunately, not every powerful emotional connection is healthy. Some relationships become rooted in cycles of pain, manipulation, and intermittent affection, creating what mental health professionals refer to as a trauma bond. Because these relationships often contain moments of genuine affection mixed with emotional abuse, they can be difficult to recognize and even more difficult to leave.

Understanding the difference between trauma bonding and healthy bonding is not simply an academic exercise—it can be the first step toward emotional freedom, healing, and healthier relationships.

What Is Trauma Bonding?

Trauma bonding is a psychological attachment that develops between a victim and an abusive or controlling individual through repeated cycles of mistreatment followed by periods of kindness, affection, or reconciliation. These unpredictable cycles strengthen emotional dependence, making the relationship increasingly difficult to leave despite the ongoing harm.

Psychologists Dutton and Painter (1981) first described trauma bonding while studying abusive relationships. They found that intermittent reinforcement—alternating fear with affection—creates unusually powerful emotional attachments, much like unpredictable rewards strengthen addictive behaviors.

Trauma bonding is not evidence of deep love. Rather, it is often the result of survival instincts becoming intertwined with emotional attachment.

Characteristics of Trauma Bonding

A Cycle of Abuse and Relief

The relationship repeatedly moves through periods of conflict, emotional pain, apologies, temporary closeness, and then another episode of abuse. The moments of kindness create hope that “things will be different this time,” keeping the cycle alive.

Emotional Highs and Lows

Trauma bonds often feel incredibly intense. The emotional roller coaster can produce excitement, anxiety, relief, and fear in rapid succession. Over time, these emotional extremes become confused with passion or love.

Self-Blame

Individuals trapped in trauma bonds frequently assume responsibility for the problems within the relationship. They may believe:

  • “If I were more patient…”
  • “If I tried harder…”
  • “If I changed…”

Rather than recognizing abusive behavior, they internalize responsibility for another person’s choices.

Fear, Obligation, and Guilt

Many remain in unhealthy relationships because they feel responsible for the other person’s emotions or believe leaving would make them selfish or disloyal.

Fear may include:

  • Fear of abandonment
  • Fear of retaliation
  • Fear of being alone
  • Fear that no one else will love them

These emotions become powerful psychological chains.

Needs Become Secondary

In trauma bonds, one person’s emotional needs dominate the relationship while the other’s needs are ignored, minimized, or criticized.

Over time, individuals may lose touch with:

  • Their own identity
  • Personal goals
  • Self-esteem
  • Emotional boundaries

Leaving Feels Impossible

One of the defining characteristics of trauma bonding is that leaving often feels emotionally unbearable—even when remaining in the relationship is clearly harmful.

This is not weakness.

It reflects the powerful neurological and psychological effects of chronic stress, attachment, and intermittent reinforcement.

What Is Healthy Bonding?

Healthy bonding develops through consistent experiences of trust, respect, honesty, and emotional safety. Unlike trauma bonding, healthy relationships do not depend upon fear or emotional instability to maintain closeness.

Instead, healthy love provides a secure foundation where both individuals are free to grow.

Healthy bonding encourages emotional security rather than emotional dependency.

Characteristics of Healthy Bonding

Trust

Healthy relationships are built upon reliability and honesty. Each individual feels confident that the other will act with integrity.

Trust grows slowly through consistent actions—not grand promises.

Emotional Stability

Healthy relationships experience disagreements, but they do not rely upon chaos to create closeness.

Partners experience:

  • Calm communication
  • Predictability
  • Emotional consistency
  • Psychological safety

Conflict becomes an opportunity for understanding rather than intimidation.

Mutual Respect

Healthy partners recognize one another as equals.

Both individuals:

  • Listen respectfully
  • Value differing opinions
  • Protect one another’s dignity
  • Encourage healthy independence

Respect is present even during disagreement.

Open Communication

Healthy bonding allows difficult conversations without fear of punishment.

Individuals feel emotionally safe expressing:

  • Needs
  • Concerns
  • Feelings
  • Disappointments
  • Boundaries

Communication becomes a bridge rather than a battlefield.

Healthy Boundaries

Healthy love recognizes that two individuals can remain emotionally connected while maintaining separate identities.

Healthy boundaries include:

  • Respecting personal time
  • Supporting friendships
  • Encouraging hobbies
  • Protecting emotional well-being
  • Accepting the word “no”

Boundaries strengthen relationships rather than weaken them.

Growth and Healing

Healthy relationships inspire people to become better versions of themselves.

Partners celebrate one another’s:

  • Successes
  • Personal development
  • Healing
  • Independence
  • Spiritual growth

Love becomes a place of restoration instead of exhaustion.

Why Trauma Bonds Feel Like Love

One of the greatest challenges is that trauma bonds often feel incredibly powerful.

The brain releases dopamine during moments of reconciliation after emotional pain, reinforcing attachment despite ongoing harm. Chronic stress also activates survival systems involving cortisol and adrenaline, making emotional separation feel threatening even when it is necessary.

This explains why individuals frequently say:

“I know this relationship isn’t healthy, but I can’t seem to leave.”

The attachment is real.

The relationship, however, may not be healthy.

Breaking Free from Trauma Bonding

Recovery begins with awareness.

Healing often includes:

  • Learning to recognize unhealthy relationship patterns.
  • Rebuilding healthy personal boundaries.
  • Seeking support from trusted friends, family, or mental health professionals.
  • Challenging distorted beliefs about self-worth.
  • Practicing self-compassion.
  • Developing emotionally safe relationships.

Healing rarely happens overnight.

It occurs one healthy decision at a time.

Choosing Healthy Bonding

Healthy relationships are not perfect.

They still involve disagreements, disappointments, and moments of frustration.

The difference is that healthy relationships remain grounded in:

  • Trust
  • Respect
  • Emotional safety
  • Accountability
  • Honesty
  • Compassion
  • Consistency

These qualities foster resilience instead of fear.

Conclusion

Trauma bonding and healthy bonding can appear similar on the surface because both involve strong emotional attachment. The difference lies in the foundation upon which that attachment is built.

Trauma bonds are sustained through fear, unpredictability, manipulation, and emotional dependency. Healthy bonds are sustained through trust, respect, consistency, and emotional safety.

Recognizing the difference empowers individuals to make choices that protect their emotional health and foster lasting well-being. While breaking a trauma bond may be one of the most difficult journeys a person undertakes, it is also one of the most courageous. Healing is possible, and healthy relationships are attainable.

You deserve a love that helps you grow—not one that requires you to lose yourself.

About the Author

John S. Collier, MSW, LCSW-S, is a licensed clinical social worker and Executive Director of Southeast Kentucky Behavioral Health, LLC. With over two decades of experience in behavioral health, he writes at the intersection of evidence-based practice, lived experience, and Christian hope. Throughout his career, John has helped individuals and families navigate trauma, anxiety, depression, grief, relationship challenges, and life transitions. His passion is translating complex psychological concepts into practical, compassionate guidance that empowers readers to pursue emotional healing, personal growth, and lasting resilience. Whether writing for clinicians, faith communities, or the general public, John seeks to provide resources that are both scientifically grounded and deeply encouraging.

References

Dutton, D. G., & Painter, S. L. (1981). Traumatic bonding: The development of emotional attachments in battered women and other relationships of intermittent abuse. Victimology, 6(1–4), 139–155.

Freyd, J. J. (1996). Betrayal Trauma: The Logic of Forgetting Childhood Abuse. Harvard University Press.

Gottman, J. M., & Silver, N. (2015). The Seven Principles for Making Marriage Work (Revised ed.). Harmony Books.

Herman, J. L. (2022). Trauma and Recovery: The Aftermath of Violence—From Domestic Abuse to Political Terror (3rd ed.). Basic Books.

Johnson, S. M. (2019). Attachment Theory in Practice: Emotionally Focused Therapy (EFT) with Individuals, Couples, and Families. Guilford Press.

van der Kolk, B. A. (2015). The Body Keeps the Score: Brain, Mind, and Body in the Healing of Trauma. Penguin Books.

You Should Never Have to Play Detective: How Healthy Relationships Create Security Instead of Suspicion

One of the most exhausting experiences in a romantic relationship is feeling like you have to become an investigator rather than a partner. You begin analyzing text messages, studying social media activity, questioning changes in routine, replaying conversations in your mind, and searching for hidden meanings behind every word or behavior. Instead of experiencing peace, your emotional energy is consumed by uncertainty.

Many people mistakenly believe that this constant vigilance is proof of how deeply they love someone. In reality, it is often evidence that something fundamental is missing: emotional security.

A healthy relationship does not require detective work. It naturally cultivates trust through consistency, honesty, transparency, and emotional safety. Security is not something one partner repeatedly demands; it is something both partners consistently create.

The statement, “A healthy relationship doesn’t make you feel like you have to play detective. It makes you feel secure without asking,” captures one of the clearest indicators of relational health. Security is not created through endless reassurance alone—it develops because a person’s actions repeatedly demonstrate reliability and integrity.

Why People Become Detectives

When trust begins to erode, the human brain naturally attempts to fill in missing information. From an evolutionary perspective, uncertainty represents potential danger. The brain would rather create explanations—even inaccurate ones—than tolerate ambiguity.

Psychologists refer to this as uncertainty reduction, the natural tendency to seek information when situations feel unpredictable (Berger & Calabrese, 1975).

This often leads individuals to:

  • Check phones
  • Monitor social media
  • Question every delay
  • Replay conversations repeatedly
  • Search for inconsistencies
  • Compare current behavior with past patterns
  • Read hidden meanings into ordinary events

Ironically, the more someone investigates, the less secure they often become. Every unanswered question creates three new questions.

The relationship gradually shifts from connection to surveillance.

The Difference Between Healthy Curiosity and Hypervigilance

Healthy partners ask questions. – Hypervigilant partners conduct investigations.

The difference lies in motivation.

Healthy curiosity seeks understanding. – Hypervigilance seeks protection from anticipated betrayal.

Individuals who have experienced betrayal, abandonment, inconsistent caregiving, or previous infidelity frequently develop heightened sensitivity to potential threats (Mikulincer & Shaver, 2016). Their nervous system learns that safety cannot be assumed.

As a result, they begin searching for evidence that confirms their fears. Unfortunately, anxiety rarely says,

“Everything is probably okay.”

Instead it whispers,

“Look again. You probably missed something.”

What Creates Emotional Security?

Security is not created by grand romantic gestures. It is created by ordinary consistency repeated over time. Research by psychologist John Gottman has consistently shown that trust develops through countless small interactions in which partners repeatedly choose honesty, responsiveness, and emotional availability (Gottman & Silver, 2015).

Security grows when someone:

  • Does what they say they will do.
  • Keeps promises.
  • Is emotionally available.
  • Answers difficult questions honestly.
  • Communicates openly.
  • Shows consistency between words and actions.
  • Makes their partner feel valued rather than tolerated.

Trust is not built in dramatic moments. It is built in ordinary Tuesdays.

Transparency Is Different Than Surveillance

Some people mistakenly believe that complete surveillance creates trust. It does not. Knowing every password does not automatically produce security. Tracking someone’s location does not automatically eliminate fear. Reading every text message does not automatically heal betrayal. Transparency is voluntarily offered. Surveillance is demanded. Healthy couples willingly share information because they have nothing to hide—not because they are forced to prove their innocence every day. Trust cannot survive when one partner constantly feels like they are on trial.

Insecure Relationships Create Constant Guessing

When emotional safety is absent, people begin asking themselves questions like:

  • “Why haven’t they texted?”
  • “Why did they seem distant?”
  • “Who liked that picture?”
  • “Why did they smile at that person?”
  • “Why did they suddenly become protective of their phone?”

Over time these questions become mentally exhausting. The relationship slowly becomes less about love and more about gathering evidence. Instead of enjoying each other’s presence, partners begin managing each other’s suspicions. This is emotionally unsustainable.

Secure Relationships Reduce Mental Noise

One of the most overlooked benefits of a healthy relationship is mental quietness. You stop wondering where you stand. You stop wondering if you’re enough. You stop wondering whether affection will disappear tomorrow. Secure attachment provides what psychologists call a safe haven and a secure base (Bowlby, 1988).

A safe haven is someone who provides comfort during stress. A secure base is someone whose presence allows you to confidently explore life because you know they will remain emotionally available. When those needs are consistently met, anxiety decreases. Your mind becomes quieter.

Consistency Is More Convincing Than Words

Many unhealthy relationships are filled with reassuring words but inconsistent behavior. Someone may repeatedly say:

  • “Trust me.”
  • “Nothing’s wrong.”
  • “You’re overthinking.”

Yet their behavior continues creating confusion. Research consistently demonstrates that trust is based more on predictable behavior than verbal reassurance (Rempel, Holmes, & Zanna, 1985). People believe patterns. Not promises.

Emotional Safety Changes Everything

Emotional safety allows people to become fully themselves. They no longer fear punishment for expressing feelings. They no longer hide needs. They no longer worry that honesty will be weaponized against them. Psychologist Sue Johnson, developer of Emotionally Focused Therapy (EFT), explains that secure emotional bonds reduce distress because partners become reliable sources of comfort rather than uncertainty (Johnson, 2019). Healthy love feels emotionally predictable. Not emotionally confusing.

When Detective Work Is Actually Warning You

There is an important distinction that should not be ignored. Sometimes people feel suspicious because anxiety is distorting reality. Other times, their instincts are responding to genuine inconsistencies. If someone repeatedly:

  • Lies
  • Hides information
  • Gaslights concerns
  • Breaks promises
  • Violates boundaries
  • Creates confusion intentionally

then the issue is not insecurity. The issue is trustworthiness. Healthy relationships welcome honest conversations. Unhealthy relationships often punish them. The goal is never blind trust. The goal is earned trust.

Building a Relationship That Doesn’t Require Investigation

Healthy couples intentionally cultivate trust. Some practical ways include:

  • Communicating honestly, even when conversations are uncomfortable.
  • Being consistent between words and actions.
  • Following through on commitments.
  • Taking responsibility for mistakes without defensiveness.
  • Offering reassurance through dependable behavior rather than empty promises.
  • Addressing concerns early before resentment grows.
  • Respecting healthy boundaries while remaining emotionally transparent.
  • Choosing integrity when no one is watching.

Over time, these behaviors create a relationship where partners naturally relax into security.

The Peace of Being Known

Perhaps the greatest gift of a healthy relationship is not excitement. It is peace. It is the quiet confidence that someone chooses you every day. It is knowing you do not have to decode hidden messages. You do not have to search for clues. You do not have to become an investigator. You simply experience what trust feels like. Healthy love removes the constant need for proof because its evidence is visible every day. Security is not the absence of questions. It is the consistent presence of answers. A healthy relationship allows your heart to rest because the person beside you has repeatedly shown—through honesty, consistency, and genuine care—that your trust is safe with them.

About the Author

John S. Collier, MSW, LCSW-S is a licensed clinical social worker, author, educator, and speaker with extensive experience helping individuals, couples, and families navigate emotional, behavioral, and relational challenges. Throughout his career, he has specialized in cognitive behavioral therapy, relationship dynamics, anxiety disorders, trauma recovery, and emotional resilience. His writing bridges psychological research with practical, everyday application, presenting complex concepts in language that is both accessible and meaningful. John is passionate about equipping readers with evidence-based tools that foster healthier relationships, emotional well-being, and personal growth. Through his books and articles, he encourages readers to build lives marked by wisdom, authenticity, resilience, and hope.

References

Berger, C. R., & Calabrese, R. J. (1975). Some explorations in initial interaction and beyond: Toward a developmental theory of interpersonal communication. Human Communication Research, 1(2), 99–112.

Bowlby, J. (1988). A Secure Base: Parent-Child Attachment and Healthy Human Development. New York, NY: Basic Books.

Gottman, J. M., & Silver, N. (2015). The Seven Principles for Making Marriage Work (Revised ed.). New York, NY: Harmony Books.

Johnson, S. M. (2019). Attachment Theory in Practice: Emotionally Focused Therapy (EFT) with Individuals, Couples, and Families. New York, NY: Guilford Press.

Mikulincer, M., & Shaver, P. R. (2016). Attachment in Adulthood: Structure, Dynamics, and Change (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Guilford Press.

Rempel, J. K., Holmes, J. G., & Zanna, M. P. (1985). Trust in close relationships. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 49(1), 95–112.